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GNDU Question Paper-2021
Bachelor of Business Administration
B.B.A 1
st
Semester
English (Compulsory)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
(A) Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (I have done) or
perfect continuous (I have been doing).
(i) Look! .............. (somebody/break) that window.
(II) 'Is it still raining?' 'No.......... (it/stop)'.
(III) You look tired .……… (you/work) hard?
(IV) Liz is away on holiday. 'Is she? Where ........(she/go)?"
(B) Write for or since.
(i) I wonder where Joe is. I haven't seen him......... last week.
(II) Jane is away. She's been away…………. Friday.
(III) The weather is dry. It hasn't rained...........a few weeks.
(C) Complete the sentences with should (have) + the verb in brackets.
(I) We don't see you enough. You ........ and see us more often. (come)
(II) I'm sorry that I didn't take your advice. I said. (do) ........... what you
(III) 'Is Joe here yet?' 'Not yet, but he…………… here soon.' (be).
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II (A) Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.
(I) (it/cold/last week) it…………………
(II) (Emily/earn/a lot of money/this year)
Emily……………………
(III) (I/not/read/a newspaper today) I................
(B) Put in been or gone.
(i) Hello! I've just ......... to the shops.
I've bought lots of things.
(II) Alice isn't here at the moment. She's…………….. to the shop to get a newspaper.
(III) Tom has……………….. out. He'll be back in about an hour.
(IV) 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already bank………………….' to the
(C) Complete the sentences with use(d) to + a suitable verb.
(I) We moved to Spain a few years ago. We………….. in Paris.
(II) I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I it when I………….. was a child.
(III) Jackie…………….. my best friend, but we aren't good friends any more.
SECTION-B
III.(A) Write a paragraph on One of the following topics:
(I) The Future of Mankind
(II) Generation Gap.
(B) For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets :
(I) You are somebody fishing by the river. You ask : (catch/any fish?)
(II) You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask : (how many books/write ?)
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(C) Complete the sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to:
(I) Whatever you do, you …………….. touch that switch. It's very dangerous.
(II) There's lift in the building, so we……………….climb the stairs.
(III) Silvia …………………… get up early, but she usually does.
IV. (A) Write a paragraph on one of the following topics:
(I) India of my Dreams
(II) World Peace.
(B) Complete the sentences. Use might be able to or might have to + one of the following:
Fix leave meet sell work
(I) I'm not free this evening, but I……………… you tomorrow.
(II) I don't know if I'll be free on Sunday. I………………..
(III) I can come to the meeting, but I………………….. before the end.
(IV) I'm short of money. I want to keep my car, but I…………………. it.
(V) A: There's something wrong with my bike.
B: Let me have a look. I........... it.
SECTION-C
V. Write a character sketch of the Lady in The Luncheon.
VI.(A) Write a character sketch of Monsieur Orielle.
(B) What is the author's attitude towards Gheesu and Madhav ?
SECTON-D
VII.(A) In what way is a spendthrift selfish?
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(B) What does the declaration expect from the individuals by way of duties ?
VIII. (A) Is there any general truth in what the author says in the essay Symptoms?
(B) What is Peculiar about People's Democracies?
GNDU Answer Paper-2021
Bachelor of Business Administration
B.B.A 1
st
Semester
English (Compulsory)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
(A) Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (I have done) or
perfect continuous (I have been doing).
(i) Look! .............. (somebody/break) that window.
(II) 'Is it still raining?' 'No.......... (it/stop)'.
(III) You look tired .……… (you/work) hard?
(IV) Liz is away on holiday. 'Is she? Where ........(she/go)?"
Ans: (i) Look! somebody has broken that window. (present perfect simple — action completed,
result visible now)
(ii) "Is it still raining?" "No, it has stopped." (present perfect simple — action finished
recently)
(iii) You look tired. Have you been working hard? (present perfect continuous — focus
on activity and its effects)
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(iv) Liz is away on holiday. "Is she? Where has she gone?" (present perfect simple —
action completed, she is still away)
(B) Write for or since.
(i) I wonder where Joe is. I haven't seen him......... last week.
(II) Jane is away. She's been away…………. Friday.
(III) The weather is dry. It hasn't rained...........a few weeks.
Ans: (i) I wonder where Joe is. I haven't seen him since last week.
(ii) Jane is away. She's been away since Friday.
(iii) The weather is dry. It hasn't rained for a few weeks.
(C) Complete the sentences with should (have) + the verb in brackets.
(I) We don't see you enough. You ........ and see us more often. (come)
(II) I'm sorry that I didn't take your advice. I said. (do) ........... what you
(III) 'Is Joe here yet?' 'Not yet, but he…………… here soon.' (be).
Ans: (i) We don't see you enough. You should come and see us more often.
(ii) I'm sorry that I didn't take your advice. I should have done what you said.
(iii) "Is Joe here yet?" "Not yet, but he should be here soon."
II (A) Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.
(I) (it/cold/last week) it…………………
(II) (Emily/earn/a lot of money/this year)
Emily……………………
(III) (I/not/read/a newspaper today) I................
Ans: (i) (it/cold/last week) → It was cold last week. (past simple — finished time in the
past)
(ii) (Emily/earn/a lot of money/this year) → Emily has earned a lot of money this year.
(present perfect — time period still continuing)
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(iii) (I/not/read/a newspaper today) → I haven’t read a newspaper today. (present
perfect — today is not finished)
(B) Put in been or gone.
(i) Hello! I've just ......... to the shops.
I've bought lots of things.
(II) Alice isn't here at the moment. She's…………….. to the shop to get a newspaper.
(III) Tom has……………….. out. He'll be back in about an hour.
(IV) 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already bank………………….' to the
Ans: (i) Hello! I've just been to the shops. I've bought lots of things. (been → you went
and have come back)
(ii) Alice isn't here at the moment. She's gone to the shop to get a newspaper. (gone →
she is still there)
(iii) Tom has gone out. He'll be back in about an hour.
(iv) "Are you going to the bank?" "No, I've already been to the bank."
(C) Complete the sentences with use(d) to + a suitable verb.
(I) We moved to Spain a few years ago. We………….. in Paris.
(II) I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I it when I………….. was a child.
(III) Jackie…………….. my best friend, but we aren't good friends any more.
Ans: (i) We moved to Spain a few years ago. We used to live in Paris.
(ii) I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I used to eat it when I was a child.
(iii) Jackie used to be my best friend, but we aren't good friends any more.
SECTION-B
III.(A) Write a paragraph on One of the following topics:
(I) The Future of Mankind
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(II) Generation Gap.
Ans: The Future of Mankind
If you could hold a magical telescope that could see not the stars, but the future of
humanity, what would you witness? Would you see cities floating above the clouds, people
living hundreds of years, and robots working side-by-side with humans? Or would you see
empty lands, ruined by wars and climate disasters? The truth is, the future of mankind is not
a pre-written script—it is a story that we are all writing together right now. Every decision,
invention, and action we take becomes a sentence in this story, and the ending will depend
on how wisely we choose our words.
To imagine the future, we must first understand the present. Humanity has come a long
way—from using stones as tools to sending satellites into space. We live in an age of
unimaginable scientific progress. Machines can think, doctors can operate without even
touching the patient, and communication is instant across the world. Yet, for all our
progress, we still face serious challenges—climate change, pollution, poverty, and conflicts
between nations. The future of mankind will depend on whether we can use our intelligence
not only to invent but also to live in harmony with nature and with each other.
Let me share a short story. In a small village, two brothers inherited a piece of land. One
wanted to plant trees and grow fruits, while the other wanted to dig for gold. They argued
for years until one day the land split into two. On one side, lush orchards grew, providing
food for generations. On the other side, the gold was found but soon exhausted, leaving
behind nothing but an empty pit. Humanity today stands like those brothers—we can either
invest in a future that grows and sustains life, or we can take the quick path of greed and
face emptiness later. The choice is ours.
Technology and the Future
One of the most powerful tools shaping our future is technology. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
may soon help cure deadly diseases, make education accessible to every child, and even
explore distant planets. However, technology also comes with risks—job loss due to
automation, misuse of data, and even the danger of machines being used for destructive
purposes. The future will be bright only if technology is guided by ethics and compassion.
Environment and Survival
Another major factor in mankind’s future is the health of our planet. Right now, the Earth is
under pressure—forests are shrinking, oceans are polluted, and species are disappearing at
an alarming rate. If this continues, no amount of technological progress will save us. The
future of mankind is deeply tied to the future of nature. Imagine a future where cities are
green, powered entirely by clean energy, and people work alongside nature instead of
against it. It is possible, but it requires immediate and united action.
Education and Awareness
The key to a good future lies in the hands of the younger generation. Education will decide
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whether future leaders, scientists, and citizens are wise and compassionate. If education
focuses only on competition and not on values, we may create skilled people without
kindness—a dangerous combination. A truly bright future means balancing knowledge with
humanity.
Peace and Unity
History shows that wars and conflicts set mankind back by decades. In the future, global
cooperation will be more important than ever. Whether it is fighting climate change,
controlling pandemics, or exploring space, no single nation can do it alone. Just like the crew
of a spaceship must work together to survive, humanity must learn to think as one team.
Let’s imagine another short story from the future. It is the year 2100. The Earth’s air is clean,
and diseases like cancer and malaria are things of the past. Children from different
continents learn together in virtual classrooms, sharing cultures and ideas. Robots handle
dangerous jobs, while humans focus on creativity, art, and exploration. Scientists are
preparing a mission to settle on Mars, not to escape Earth, but to expand the boundaries of
human knowledge. This is a possible future—not a dream, but a destination we can reach if
we act wisely today.
Threats We Must Overcome
However, the road to such a future is not easy. Climate disasters, misuse of science,
widening inequality, and political rivalries are like storms that can sink our ship. If humanity
fails to act responsibly, the future could be one of scarcity, division, and suffering. The same
intelligence that can save us can also destroy us if used without moral guidance.
The Role of Each Individual
Many people think that the future of mankind is in the hands of governments and scientists,
but that is only half true. Every small action counts—recycling waste, reducing pollution,
spreading kindness, and fighting injustice. Imagine billions of people making small positive
changes every day; together, they would create a wave of transformation powerful enough
to shape a better tomorrow.
Hope for Tomorrow
Despite the challenges, there is reason for hope. Human history is full of examples where
unity and determination overcame impossible odds—eradicating diseases, ending
oppressive systems, and rebuilding nations after wars. The same spirit can guide us to a
future of peace, equality, and prosperity.
Conclusion
The future of mankind is like a garden. If we plant seeds of greed, selfishness, and neglect,
we will harvest chaos and suffering. But if we plant seeds of knowledge, compassion, and
cooperation, we will enjoy a rich and beautiful future. It is not a matter of prediction—it is a
matter of choice. The pen is in our hands, and the next chapter of humanity’s story is ours to
write.
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So, if you could look through that magical telescope once again, what would you want to
see? Floating cities? Green forests? Healthy oceans? Smiling faces across the globe?
Whatever your answer is—start building it today. Because the future of mankind is not in
the stars, it is right here, in our own hands.
(II) Generation Gap.
Ans: Generation Gap
It was a bright Sunday morning in a small town when Aanya sat with her grandfather on the
veranda. She showed him how to use a smartphone, while he told her about the days when
sending a letter took a week. Both smiled, but both also felt that tiny gap — the difference
in how they understood life. This little scene is not just about two people; it is the picture of
what we call the Generation Gap.
The generation gap means the differences in opinions, values, habits, lifestyles, and
understanding between one generation and another. Usually, it is seen between the young
and the old. This gap is natural because the world changes constantly, and each generation
grows up in a different environment, with different technologies, ideas, and challenges.
Why Does the Gap Happen?
Imagine two rivers flowing side by side. One is slow and calm, having travelled a long way,
while the other is fast and energetic, rushing to explore. They come from the same source
but have very different speeds and styles. In the same way, the older generation has more
experience, patience, and a traditional mindset, while the younger generation is energetic,
curious, and quick to adapt to new things.
Some of the main reasons for the generation gap include:
1. Change in Technology – Older generations grew up without smartphones, social
media, or instant communication. The young, however, cannot imagine a day
without them.
2. Difference in Values – Traditional values like strict discipline, arranged marriages,
and slow career growth were once common. Today’s youth value freedom, self-
choice, and quick progress.
3. Cultural Shifts – Exposure to global culture through television and the internet has
changed how young people dress, speak, and think.
4. Speed of Life – The older generation experienced slower, face-to-face
communication. The younger generation is used to instant messaging, online
meetings, and quick decision-making.
The Positive Side of the Generation Gap
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It is easy to see the generation gap as a problem, but it can also be an advantage. The older
generation provides wisdom, life lessons, and guidance based on experience. The younger
generation brings fresh ideas, creativity, and technological skills. When these two meet with
mutual respect, great things can happen. For example, many successful businesses today
are run by young people with guidance from older mentors.
The Negative Side of the Generation Gap
When understanding and respect are missing, the gap can cause conflicts. Parents may think
their children are too independent or careless, while children may feel their parents are too
strict or old-fashioned. This can lead to arguments, emotional distance, and even broken
relationships.
A Short Story of Understanding
Rahul, a college student, loved music. He spent hours playing the guitar, hoping to become a
professional musician. His father, a retired army officer, wanted him to study engineering
for a “secure future.” They argued almost every week. One day, Rahul played an old Hindi
song on his guitar — the same song his father used to sing in his youth. Surprised and
touched, his father joined in singing. That moment broke a wall between them. They began
to talk more, and Rahul’s father agreed to let him pursue music alongside his studies.
This simple story shows that the generation gap can be reduced with communication,
shared interests, and respect.
Bridging the Gap
The generation gap is not a permanent wall; it is more like a bridge that can be built from
both sides.
• Communication – Open, honest conversations can clear misunderstandings.
• Respect – Both generations should value each other’s experiences and choices.
• Adaptation – Older people can try to learn new technology, while young people can
try to understand traditions.
• Shared Activities – Cooking together, travelling, or even watching a movie can create
bonding moments.
Learning from Each Other
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The truth is, both generations have strengths and weaknesses. The older generation can
teach the young patience, responsibility, and the value of hard work. The younger
generation can teach the old how to adapt quickly, think creatively, and live with openness.
If we think carefully, the generation gap is less about age and more about mindset. A 70-
year-old who uses the internet, loves new music, and listens to young people might have
less of a gap than a 30-year-old who refuses to accept change.
Final Thoughts
The generation gap will always exist because change is a part of life. However, it should not
be a reason for distance or conflict. Instead, it can be an opportunity for growth and
learning. Just like Aanya and her grandfather on the veranda — one teaching the use of a
smartphone, the other teaching life lessons — both generations can share their worlds.
The gap is not meant to separate us; it is meant to remind us that while the times change,
love, respect, and understanding never go out of style.
(B) For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets :
(I) You are somebody fishing by the river. You ask : (catch/any fish?)
(II) You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask : (how many books/write ?)
Ans: (i). (catch/any fish?) → Have you caught any fish?
(ii) (how many books/write?) → How many books have you written?
(C) Complete the sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to:
(I) Whatever you do, you …………….. touch that switch. It's very dangerous.
(II) There's lift in the building, so we……………….climb the stairs.
(III) Silvia …………………… get up early, but she usually does.
Ans: (I) Whatever you do, you mustn't touch that switch. It's very dangerous.
(II) There's a lift in the building, so we don't have to climb the stairs.
(III) Silvia doesn't have to get up early, but she usually does.
IV. (A) Write a paragraph on one of the following topics:
(I) India of my Dreams
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(II) World Peace.
Ans: India of My Dreams – A Story of Hope and Vision
The first time I sat near my grandfather under the neem tree, he asked me a question that
has stayed with me ever since:
"If you could paint India on a blank canvas, what colours would you choose?"
I was a child then, so I replied, “I’d choose bright ones, like red, green, blue, and gold!”
He smiled and said, “Remember, the beauty of a country lies not only in colours on a flag,
but in the lives of its people.”
Years later, I understood what he meant — and that became the foundation of the India I
dream about.
In my dreams, India is a place where every citizen, regardless of background, has equal
opportunities to learn, grow, and succeed. There are no dark corners where poverty hides,
and no locked doors that education cannot open. Imagine a small village where every child
has a school with well-trained teachers, and every classroom has enough books for curious
minds. In such an India, the bright mind of a farmer’s daughter could one day become the
scientist who invents a new medicine, and the son of a daily wage worker could become an
engineer building safe bridges for the nation.
One of the most important parts of my dream is unity in diversity. India already shines as a
land of many languages, cultures, and traditions. But in the India of my dreams, diversity will
not just be a fact — it will be celebrated like a grand festival. People will not be judged by
their religion, caste, or region, but by their kindness, honesty, and contribution to society.
There will be a spirit of brotherhood so strong that even small disagreements will be solved
with respect and understanding.
Economically, my dream India is strong and self-reliant. Farmers get fair prices for their
crops, industries are innovative and eco-friendly, and jobs are available for all skilled
workers. No one has to migrate unwillingly, leaving their families behind, just to survive.
Villages will have good roads, electricity, clean water, and internet connections — so that
rural life is not left behind in the race of development.
Another colour on my dream’s canvas is cleanliness and environment care. Picture walking
through a city where the air is fresh, rivers are crystal clear, and trees grow in abundance.
People take pride in keeping their surroundings clean, not because of fear of a fine, but
because they love their country. Waste is managed smartly, renewable energy powers
homes, and every citizen treats nature as a friend, not as a resource to be overused.
In the India I dream of, justice is swift and fair. No person is above the law, and no poor
person is too small to get justice. Corruption will have no space to grow, and honesty will be
respected in every field — from politics to public service. The leaders will lead by example,
showing humility and dedication to the welfare of the people rather than chasing personal
gain.
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I also dream of an India that is a leader in knowledge and technology. Our universities will
be world-class, research will be cutting-edge, and our innovations will solve real-life
problems — not just for our country, but for the world. Science and tradition will walk hand
in hand, respecting the past while building the future.
Let me tell you one small story that captures my vision. Once, in a school debate, a boy was
asked: “What is your dream for India?” He didn’t speak about politics or economics. Instead,
he said, “My dream is that when a person drops their wallet in a crowded market, someone
picks it up and runs after them — not to keep it, but to return it.” That simple thought struck
me deeply. It reminded me that a truly great nation is not built only by big projects, but by
small acts of honesty and care by its people.
Finally, the India of my dreams is happy. Not the shallow happiness that comes from
material wealth alone, but the deep contentment that comes from safety, respect,
opportunity, and togetherness. In such an India, the farmer smiles after harvest, the student
smiles after learning something new, and the old man smiles knowing that his country is in
good hands.
Grandfather’s canvas is still in my mind. Now, when I imagine painting India, I choose the
colours of equality, honesty, education, unity, and hope. If we all decide to hold the brush
together, my dream India can become a living reality — and perhaps, it will be even more
beautiful than the one in my dreams.
(II) World Peace.
Ans: World Peace – A Pathway to a Better Tomorrow
Imagine a calm early morning. The sun rises slowly, painting the sky with shades of gold.
Birds chirp softly, a gentle breeze carries the scent of flowers, and there is not a single sound
of conflict anywhere. People greet each other with warm smiles, children walk to school
without fear, and countries work together as friends instead of enemies. This peaceful scene
might feel like a dream — but it is actually a vision of what our world could be if we
achieved world peace.
What is World Peace?
World peace means a situation where nations, communities, and individuals live in
harmony, free from wars, violence, and hatred. It is not only the absence of armed conflicts
but also the presence of justice, mutual respect, and cooperation among people. In a
peaceful world, everyone can live without fear, express themselves freely, and work
together for a better future.
Peace is not something that happens automatically; it needs to be created and maintained
by human effort. Just like a garden needs watering and care to grow, peace needs
understanding, kindness, and compromise to survive.
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Why is World Peace Important?
World peace is essential for many reasons:
1. Safety and Security – Without wars and conflicts, people can live without fear of
losing their lives, homes, or loved ones.
2. Economic Growth – Countries can spend more money on education, healthcare, and
technology instead of weapons and armies.
3. Human Rights – Peace ensures that people’s rights are respected and that justice is
served.
4. Global Progress – When nations work together instead of fighting, they can solve
bigger problems like climate change, poverty, and diseases.
5. Better Quality of Life – Peace allows people to focus on creativity, culture, and
happiness instead of survival.
A Short Story – The Lesson from the Village
Once upon a time, in a small village, two families had been fighting for years over a piece of
land. Every time they met, angry words were exchanged, and sometimes even stones were
thrown. The entire village lived under tension because of this feud.
One day, an old wise man called both families and gave them two pots of water. He said,
“Walk together and pour this water into the river at the same time.” Confused, they
followed his advice. As the water from both pots mixed in the flowing river, the old man
said, “Just like this water can never be separated again, you too should stop separating
yourselves with hatred. Live together like a flowing river that helps everyone it meets.”
From that day on, the families decided to share the land and help each other. The village
became peaceful and happier than ever before.
The story teaches us that peace begins when we let go of grudges and choose unity over
division.
Challenges in Achieving World Peace
Although everyone talks about peace, it is difficult to achieve for many reasons:
• Greed and Power Struggles – Many conflicts start when individuals or nations want
more land, resources, or control.
• Religious and Cultural Differences – Misunderstandings and intolerance often lead
to fights between communities.
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• Historical Enmity – Old rivalries between countries sometimes continue for
generations.
• Economic Inequality – When some people live in extreme poverty while others have
wealth, tensions grow.
• Misinformation and Hate Speech – Lies spread through media can create fear and
anger.
Ways to Promote World Peace
Even though the path is challenging, there are many ways to work toward peace:
1. Education – Teaching children about tolerance, empathy, and conflict resolution
from a young age.
2. Diplomacy – Countries should talk and negotiate instead of fighting wars.
3. Cultural Exchange – Encouraging people to learn about and respect different
cultures and traditions.
4. Justice for All – Ensuring that all people are treated fairly regardless of race, religion,
or background.
5. Economic Support – Helping poor nations and communities develop so they do not
fall into violence.
6. Media Responsibility – News outlets and social media should spread truth and
understanding rather than hate.
Second Short Story – The Starfish and the Beach
A young boy was walking on the beach early in the morning. The shore was full of starfish
washed up by the tide, and they were slowly dying under the sun. The boy began picking
them up one by one and throwing them back into the ocean.
An old man saw him and said, “Why bother? There are thousands of starfish here. You can’t
save them all.”
The boy picked up another starfish, threw it into the sea, and replied, “Maybe not all, but for
this one, I made a difference.”
This simple story reminds us that even small acts of kindness and peace matter. We may not
be able to change the entire world at once, but every peaceful action counts.
The Role of Individuals in World Peace
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Many people think world peace is the job of governments and leaders, but it actually starts
with each one of us. Here’s how:
• Kindness in Daily Life – Helping neighbors, being polite, and avoiding unnecessary
arguments.
• Respect for Differences – Accepting that others may think, believe, or live differently
than we do.
• Volunteering – Helping communities in need through charity work.
• Speaking Against Injustice – Raising our voice against unfair treatment of people.
Just like a single drop can create ripples in a pond, our individual actions can create a wave
of peace in society.
Famous Examples of Peace Leaders
• Mahatma Gandhi – Used non-violence to fight against British rule in India.
• Martin Luther King Jr. – Fought for civil rights in America using peaceful protests.
• Mother Teresa – Spread love and care for the poor without any discrimination.
• Nelson Mandela – Worked for unity and equality in South Africa after years of racial
division.
These leaders proved that peace is not weakness — it is a powerful force for change.
The Dream of a Peaceful Future
If the world achieves peace, the benefits will be beyond imagination:
• Wars will be replaced by cooperation.
• Armies will be replaced by global rescue and research teams.
• Money spent on weapons will be used for education, healthcare, and environment.
• Future generations will grow up in safety, free from the trauma of violence.
Conclusion
World peace may seem like a distant dream, but dreams are the seeds of reality. Just as a
single candle can light up a dark room, a single act of kindness can start a chain reaction of
peace. If individuals, communities, and nations work together with honesty, respect, and
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compassion, the day will come when the vision of a calm, safe, and harmonious planet will
no longer be just a dream — it will be our reality.
Peace is not only the destination; it is also the path we walk every day. And every step
toward understanding and kindness brings the world closer to that golden morning where
every heart beats in harmony.
(B) Complete the sentences. Use might be able to or might have to + one of the following:
Fix leave meet sell work
(I) I'm not free this evening, but I……………… you tomorrow.
(II) I don't know if I'll be free on Sunday. I………………..
(III) I can come to the meeting, but I………………….. before the end.
(IV) I'm short of money. I want to keep my car, but I…………………. it.
(V) A: There's something wrong with my bike.
B: Let me have a look. I........... it.
Ans: (I) I'm not free this evening, but I might be able to meet you tomorrow.
(II) I don't know if I'll be free on Sunday. I might have to work.
(III) I can come to the meeting, but I might have to leave before the end.
(IV) I'm short of money. I want to keep my car, but I might have to sell it.
(V) A: There's something wrong with my bike.
B: Let me have a look. I might be able to fix it.
SECTION-C
V. Write a character sketch of the Lady in The Luncheon.
Ans: A New Beginning – The Stranger Who Became a Story
Sometimes in life, we meet people who leave behind not just memories, but also lessons.
The meeting might last for only a couple of hours, but it changes the way we look at the
world. The Lady in W. Somerset Maugham’s short story “The Luncheon” is exactly such a
person. She is not a famous historical figure or a great leader, yet she is unforgettable—
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partly because of her charming manners, partly because of her selfish behaviour, and mostly
because of the way she left the narrator with an empty pocket and a full stomach… well, her
own stomach.
The narrator meets her at a high-class restaurant in Paris, and in just one meal, she manages
to display her personality so clearly that the reader feels they know her completely. Let us
walk through her character traits, almost as if we were sitting at that same table, watching
her in action.
1. Her First Impression – The Mask of Sophistication
When the Lady first appears in the story, she comes across as polite, cultured, and full of
refined tastes. She writes to the narrator, saying she has read his book and would love to
meet him. This is a flattering start for any writer—after all, who doesn’t like praise? She
chooses Foyot’s, an expensive Paris restaurant, as the meeting spot. This already gives us a
hint: she has expensive tastes, but cleverly hides them under the appearance of simplicity.
She enters the scene as if she belongs to the world of the rich and sophisticated. She speaks
in a gentle tone, she smiles warmly, and she makes the narrator feel honoured. This is her
skill—she knows how to win people over before showing her true intentions.
2. Her “Modesty” – The Art of Pretending to Want Less
One of the most interesting parts of her personality is her habit of pretending to eat lightly.
When the narrator says he is poor and cannot spend much, she assures him:
“I never eat anything for luncheon.”
At first, this seems like self-control or modesty. But as the meal progresses, we realise it is
just a trick. She keeps saying she doesn’t eat much, but orders the most expensive dishes
one after the other: salmon, caviar, asparagus, and finally, ice cream and coffee.
This reminds me of a little incident from a friend’s wedding buffet. A guest kept telling
everyone, “I’m on a diet, I’ll only take a little,” but by the end of the evening, she had filled
her plate three times, making sure to get all the expensive items. The Lady is exactly that
kind of person—her words say “small appetite,” but her actions say “bring me the best you
have.”
3. Her Manipulativeness – Getting What She Wants Without Asking Twice
The Lady has a clever way of getting her desires fulfilled. She never directly says, “I want this
dish.” Instead, she suggests it, while making it sound as if she’s thinking about the narrator’s
comfort. For example, she says she loves salmon, and when the waiter confirms it’s fresh,
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she says she will have it—almost as if she is doing the narrator a favour by choosing
something delicious.
This is a sign of her manipulativeness. She doesn’t push aggressively; she uses charm and
indirect hints to make people spend more on her. She knows exactly how to use polite
words and a sweet smile to hide her selfishness.
4. Her Lack of Awareness – Or Was It Pretending?
Throughout the luncheon, the narrator is worried about the bill, but the Lady seems
completely unaware—or at least pretends to be. She orders the most costly dishes and
drinks without once thinking how it might affect her host’s budget.
Now, it’s possible she truly doesn’t know the narrator’s financial situation, but given that he
told her about being poor, it’s more likely that she just chooses to ignore it. This kind of
behaviour shows her self-centredness: she is focused only on her own enjoyment, not on
the other person’s struggles.
5. Her Overconfidence – Comfort in Other People’s Money
The Lady speaks as if she owns the place. She gives her opinions on food, recommends
dishes, and even comments on how wonderful asparagus is when it’s fresh. She never
hesitates to order more. This confidence comes partly from her personality, and partly from
the fact that someone else is paying.
There is an old saying: “The generous spender is always the one who isn’t spending his own
money.” The Lady fits this perfectly. She treats the narrator’s wallet as if it were her own,
enjoying every bite without worrying about the final bill.
6. Her Charm – Why People Fall for It
It’s important to note that the Lady is not portrayed as rude or openly arrogant. In fact, she
has a charm that makes it hard for the narrator to refuse her requests. She talks with
elegance, keeps the conversation light, and praises the food.
She is the kind of person who could make you laugh while she eats the last piece of cake you
were saving for yourself. You might be annoyed, but you’d still smile because she makes it
seem harmless. This charm is one of her strongest weapons—it hides her selfishness and
makes her company enjoyable, at least for a while.
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7. The Lesson She Leaves Behind
In the end, the narrator is left nearly broke after the meal. But many years later, he meets
her again. By then, time has changed things: she has grown much heavier, and the narrator
has achieved success. Seeing her now, he feels a sense of quiet revenge—not in words, but
in the satisfaction of knowing he has moved beyond that embarrassing lunch.
This final meeting adds depth to her character. We realise that her way of life—constantly
indulging in luxuries without caring about others—may have caught up with her in different
ways. She is a reminder that overindulgence often shows itself not just in the body, but also
in the way others remember you.
8. Short Side Story – The Expensive Tea
Her behaviour reminds me of a small personal story. Once, a friend invited me for “just tea”
at a café. I thought it would cost maybe 50 rupees. But she ordered tea, cake, a sandwich,
and then a chocolate shake—saying, “You must try this, you’ll love it.” In the end, I paid for
both of us and my wallet felt as light as the tea cup after the last sip. That day, I realised
there are people who think “just tea” means “a full meal at your cost.”
The Lady in “The Luncheon” is exactly that kind of person—her definition of “I don’t eat
much” is completely different from everyone else’s.
Conclusion – Who is the Lady Really?
The Lady in “The Luncheon” is a master of polite selfishness. She hides her greed behind a
curtain of charm and sophistication. She has a talent for making her desires sound
reasonable, for enjoying luxuries without feeling guilty, and for keeping herself at the centre
of attention without appearing rude.
She is not evil—there is no malice in her actions—but she is thoughtless, self-indulgent, and
very skilled at living well at someone else’s expense. For the narrator, she becomes an
unforgettable figure—not because she was kind or inspiring, but because she taught him a
lesson in human behaviour: never believe someone who says they “eat lightly” when you
are paying the bill.
In the end, her character is a fascinating blend of elegance and selfishness, of charm and
cunning, making her one of the most memorable minor characters in literature. She is a
reminder that not all lessons in life come from great events—sometimes they come from a
single expensive lunch.
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VI.(A) Write a character sketch of Monsieur Orielle.
(B) What is the author's attitude towards Gheesu and Madhav ?
Ans: Character Sketch of Monsieur Orielle
If you ever take a quiet walk in a small French village, you might imagine meeting a man like
Monsieur Orielle—a man who seems to balance his life between simple pleasures and a
peculiar kind of stubbornness. He is not a hero from a grand epic, nor a man whose name
echoes in history books. Instead, he is one of those rare individuals who can make even an
ordinary day feel like a chapter from a gentle comedy. His personality, habits, and way of
looking at life make him unforgettable.
A Man of Routine and Simplicity
Monsieur Orielle is the kind of man who enjoys life at his own pace. He values order,
routine, and comfort. He wakes up early, enjoys his meals at regular hours, and likes things
just the way they are. Change, in his eyes, is something suspicious—something that disturbs
his peaceful rhythm.
In fact, this dislike for change becomes important when he faces a decision that tests his
nature. Even something as small as buying spectacles becomes a matter of great thought
and inner conflict for him. It’s not that he is miserly or greedy—no, Monsieur Orielle simply
believes in getting the most out of what he already has before moving on to something new.
Practical but Cautious
Monsieur Orielle’s personality is deeply practical. He does not waste money unnecessarily,
and he carefully measures the value of everything. But his practicality often slides into over-
cautiousness.
For example, when his eyes begin troubling him, instead of immediately buying new
spectacles, he tries all sorts of small tricks to avoid the expense—tilting his head at certain
angles, squinting, even holding the newspaper far away to read it. To an outsider, this may
seem funny, but to Monsieur Orielle, it is simply a smart way of delaying a purchase until it
is absolutely necessary.
This approach to life shows a side of him that is both wise and a little comic—wise because
he does not rush into spending, and comic because the lengths he goes to avoid it can be
quite amusing.
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A Story: The Spectacle Debate
One of the most telling moments in Monsieur Orielle’s life is his long and amusing battle
with himself over buying a new pair of spectacles.
When his wife suggests that he replace his old ones, he reacts almost as if she has asked him
to sell his house. He argues, reasons, and even tries to convince himself that his old
spectacles are still perfectly fine. The truth is, he doesn’t like the idea of spending money on
something he feels can still be used—especially when it has served him faithfully for so
many years.
It is here that his personality shines most clearly: he is sentimentally attached to his
belongings, practical to the point of stubbornness, and unwilling to rush into decisions.
Affectionate but Opinionated
Monsieur Orielle is not a cold or harsh man. He is, in fact, quite warm towards his wife and
values her company. But he also likes to have the last word in any discussion.
When Madame Orielle gently pushes him to buy new spectacles, he listens—yet finds clever
ways to delay or redirect the conversation. This shows that he is not openly argumentative,
but he is quietly determined to have things his way.
Traditional in Thinking
Monsieur Orielle is a man who loves tradition. He believes in holding onto things—not just
objects, but also ideas and habits—until they are absolutely worn out. The modern idea of
quickly replacing things just because they are old does not appeal to him.
This traditional mindset makes him both admirable and a little comical in the eyes of others.
Admirable because it reflects loyalty and gratitude; comical because sometimes practicality
should give way to necessity, and he doesn’t see it until the last moment.
A Second Story: The Coat Incident
There is another small incident that reflects his personality. Once, during a cold season, he
wore an old coat that had clearly lost its shape and charm. Friends suggested he buy a new
one. His reply? That the coat still kept him warm, and as long as it served its purpose, there
was no need to replace it.
This was not because he couldn’t afford a new coat, but because he saw no reason to part
with something that was still functional. It was the same reasoning he applied to his
spectacles—why change something that works?
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Humorous Without Trying
Monsieur Orielle does not set out to be funny, yet his behavior often makes people smile.
His serious tone in trivial matters, his deep consideration over tiny expenses, and his
unexpected arguments to defend his point of view all create a lighthearted image of him.
The beauty of his humor is that it is unintentional. He is not cracking jokes—he is simply
being himself, and in doing so, he becomes endearingly comic.
Values and Beliefs
1. Frugality – He believes money should be spent wisely and only when necessary.
2. Loyalty to belongings – He treats his possessions almost like old friends.
3. Practical thinking – He weighs the usefulness of everything before making a
decision.
4. Resistance to change – He prefers the comfort of the familiar.
5. Self-justification – He can argue at length to prove his point, even on small matters.
His Relationship with Madame Orielle
His wife plays an important role in balancing his personality. She is more open to change,
more accepting of modern needs, and willing to spend money when required. This
difference between them creates gentle, humorous tension—especially during the
“spectacle debate.”
Madame Orielle’s patience and persistence highlight Monsieur Orielle’s stubborn charm.
They may not agree instantly, but there is a quiet understanding between them, built on
years of shared life.
Symbol of a Certain Type of Person
Monsieur Orielle represents a kind of personality found in many households—a person who
is careful with money, attached to old things, and resistant to quick changes. Such people
may be slow to accept new ways, but they often preserve traditions and avoid wastefulness.
In literature, he stands as a comic yet realistic character—someone who could be your
neighbor, your uncle, or even a version of yourself.
Final Impression
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In the end, Monsieur Orielle is a charming blend of practicality, sentimentality, and quiet
stubbornness. He teaches us that not all change needs to be embraced quickly and that
there is value in appreciating what we already have. Yet, he also reminds us—sometimes
through comic delay—that certain changes are inevitable.
Through his reluctance to replace his spectacles, we see not just a man avoiding an expense,
but a man holding on to the comfort of the familiar. That is the heart of Monsieur Orielle: a
man who prefers to live life at his own gentle pace, even if the world around him is moving
faster.
(B) What is the author's attitude towards Gheesu and Madhav ?
Ans: A Fresh Beginning
Sometimes in life, you meet people who are not exactly “bad” but are so careless, lazy, and
detached from responsibility that they invite trouble into their own lives. You might feel a
mix of emotions for them—sometimes pity, sometimes frustration, sometimes even a
strange kind of amusement. Premchand, the author of the short story Kafan, feels exactly
that way about his two characters, Gheesu and Madhav.
He doesn’t write about them like a strict teacher scolding naughty children, nor like a
romantic who tries to glorify their poverty. Instead, he uses a tone that is both critical and
ironic, mixed with a hint of sympathy. In other words, he looks at them as if to say, “I
understand why you are like this, but I can’t pretend you’re doing the right thing.”
To understand the author’s attitude better, let’s first recall who Gheesu and Madhav are,
and what happens in the story.
The Characters in a Nutshell
• Gheesu is the father—an old man who once worked but has now given up all effort.
He survives mostly on luck, small tricks, and begging from villagers.
• Madhav is the son—a younger version of Gheesu, equally lazy, who doesn’t even
care to change when his wife is dying.
In Kafan, Madhav’s wife is in labour, struggling with childbirth in a corner of the hut. Instead
of helping or calling for a midwife, Gheesu and Madhav sit outside warming themselves by
the fire, eating roasted potatoes, and talking casually. By morning, the woman dies, and the
villagers give Madhav money to buy a shroud (kafan) for her funeral. But instead of buying
the shroud, father and son spend the money on liquor and a feast.
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The Author’s Tone – A Balanced Mix
Premchand’s tone towards Gheesu and Madhav is neither 100% sympathetic nor 100%
harsh. Instead, it is:
1. Critical – He does not hide their faults: laziness, irresponsibility, selfishness.
2. Ironic – He uses humour and sarcasm to highlight the absurdity of their behaviour.
3. Sympathetic – He still recognises their poverty and the hopeless life they lead.
Think of it like the way you might feel towards a friend who always messes things up—not
enough to cut them out of your life, but enough to shake your head and say, “Oh, here we
go again…”
Critical Side of the Author’s Attitude
Premchand makes it very clear that Gheesu and Madhav are not the “ideal poor” who suffer
despite working hard. No, these two are poor because they refuse to work.
When Madhav’s wife is in labour, their reaction is cold and almost heartless. Instead of
helping her, they sit by the fire. Gheesu even starts recalling an old story about how he once
worked for three days and got nothing but humiliation—almost as if to justify his lifelong
laziness.
The author shows them as people who:
• Avoid responsibility at all costs.
• Do not feel guilt for neglecting loved ones.
• Use their poverty as an excuse for doing nothing.
This criticism is sharp because Premchand was known for writing about hardworking,
struggling peasants. Gheesu and Madhav break that pattern—they are examples of how
poverty can also breed carelessness and moral weakness.
Ironic Side of the Author’s Attitude
While Premchand is critical, he does not shout at them. Instead, he writes with irony—
pointing out the ridiculousness of their actions in a way that sometimes makes the reader
smile despite the tragedy.
For example:
• The way they roast and eat potatoes while the woman suffers inside.
• The casual conversation about past events while ignoring the present crisis.
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• The way they spend the shroud money on liquor and call it “doing something good
for her soul.”
This is not humour meant to make you laugh loudly; it is dark humour, showing how
distorted their priorities have become.
It’s as if Premchand is saying, “Look how strange human nature can be—these two men
treat death as a chance to drink and celebrate rather than mourn.”
Sympathetic Side of the Author’s Attitude
Despite all the criticism and irony, Premchand doesn’t paint Gheesu and Madhav as evil
villains. He recognises that their laziness and moral weakness are partly the result of lifelong
poverty and social neglect.
Here’s where the sympathy comes in:
• They have seen so much hardship that death no longer shocks them.
• They live in a cycle where hard work rarely brings reward, so they have stopped
trying.
• Their small pleasures—like a good meal or a drink—are their only escape from a
hopeless reality.
This sympathy makes the reader think, “Yes, they are wrong, but can we entirely blame
them?”
A Story to Illustrate
Let me give you a quick parallel story.
In a small village, there lived a man named Ramu who had lost his wife and all his land in a
flood. For years, he wandered between jobs, never finding stability. Slowly, he began to
believe that working hard was pointless—fate would snatch away whatever he earned.
Eventually, Ramu became known as the laziest man in the village. He would rather sit under
a tree telling stories than work in the fields.
One day, when his neighbour’s house caught fire, Ramu did not rush to help. Instead, he just
said, “By the time we reach there, it will be gone anyway.”
People called him heartless. But some remembered that once upon a time, Ramu had been
the first to help everyone—until life broke that habit out of him.
In the same way, Gheesu and Madhav are shaped by years of hardship. Premchand shows
that their carelessness is partly a shield against disappointment.
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Why This Mixed Attitude Works
If Premchand had only criticised Gheesu and Madhav, they would seem like villains. If he
had only shown sympathy, they would seem like heroes. But by mixing both, he paints a
realistic picture of flawed human beings.
His attitude makes us:
• Judge their actions.
• Reflect on the social conditions that create such people.
• Understand that poverty doesn’t always create noble, hardworking individuals—it
can also create people who give up entirely.
Final Thoughts
Premchand’s attitude towards Gheesu and Madhav in Kafan is complex:
• Critical, because he sees their laziness and irresponsibility.
• Ironic, because he highlights their absurd behaviour with dark humour.
• Sympathetic, because he recognises that their condition is the result of lifelong
suffering and social neglect.
In the end, he neither condemns them completely nor excuses them fully. He simply holds
up a mirror for us to see that human nature is a mixture of strength and weakness, shaped
by both personal choice and circumstances.
Gheesu and Madhav remain unforgettable because they are not “black or white”
characters—they are painfully, frustratingly, and realistically human.
SECTON-D
VII.(A) In what way is a spendthrift selfish?
(B) What does the declaration expect from the individuals by way of duties ?
Ans: (A) When Spendthrifts Show Their Selfish Side: A Simple Story to Understand
Imagine a small town called Harmonyville, where everyone lived peacefully, helping one
another. In this town lived two friends — Rahul and Aman. Both had similar jobs, earned
similar salaries, but they handled their money very differently.
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Rahul was very careful with his money. He saved for the future, helped others when they
needed, and always thought about what was best not just for himself but also for his family
and friends.
Aman, on the other hand, was a classic spendthrift. He loved to spend money as soon as he
earned it. Whether it was expensive clothes, fancy dinners, or the latest gadgets, Aman
bought everything without thinking about tomorrow. Whenever someone suggested saving
or planning for emergencies, Aman just laughed it off, saying, “Why worry about the future?
Life is for enjoying now!”
This simple story helps us dive deep into the question: In what way is a spendthrift selfish?
What Does "Spendthrift" Mean?
First, let’s understand what a spendthrift is. A spendthrift is someone who spends money
carelessly or wastefully, without saving or thinking about the future. They often live in the
moment, focusing on immediate pleasures and desires.
But is being a spendthrift only about spending too much? Or is there more to it, especially
when we say they are selfish?
Selfishness: What Does It Really Mean?
Selfishness means putting one’s own needs, desires, or happiness above others, without
considering their feelings or well-being. It’s like walking through life wearing blinders that let
you see only yourself, ignoring everyone else around.
Now, when we combine these ideas, how does the careless spending of a spendthrift show
selfishness? Let’s explore this step by step.
1. Spendthrift’s Focus is Only on “I” and “Me”
Aman, in our story, was focused entirely on his own desires. He wanted the latest phone,
the fanciest clothes, the best parties — all right now. He didn’t think about how his choices
might affect others. This focus on “what I want right now” is a key sign of selfishness.
Example: If Aman had planned better, saved some money, and thought about his family’s
future, he would have acted selflessly. But since he didn’t, it meant he only cared about his
own pleasure.
2. Spendthrift Ignores Responsibilities Toward Others
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Money isn’t just for spending on oneself. Often, it’s used to support family, help friends, or
contribute to the community. A spendthrift, however, often ignores these responsibilities.
In Harmonyville, Rahul saved some money every month to help his sister with her education
and occasionally helped an elderly neighbor with medical expenses. Aman, though, spent all
his money and never thought about contributing to others.
This shows selfishness because a spendthrift refuses to share or save resources that could
help others, choosing instead to focus solely on personal satisfaction.
3. Spendthrift’s Actions Can Hurt Those Dependent on Them
Imagine Aman had a younger brother, Raj, who needed money for school. Because Aman
spent all his money on himself, Raj’s education suffered. This isn’t just careless spending; it
is selfish because it places one’s own pleasure above the well-being of loved ones.
Selfishness means disregarding the needs of others. Aman’s actions show this clearly — he
put his desires first, regardless of the harm caused to his family.
4. Spendthrift Doesn’t Think About the Future — For Himself or Others
Selfishness isn’t just about the present; it’s also about ignoring the future needs of yourself
and others. Aman lived day-to-day without thinking about what would happen if he lost his
job or faced an emergency.
This is selfish because a responsible person thinks about their future and the future of those
dependent on them. By not saving, Aman might eventually become a burden on others,
which shows a lack of care or consideration for anyone but himself.
5. Spendthrift’s Desire to Show Off is a Form of Selfishness
Sometimes, spendthrifts spend money to impress others — to look richer, more stylish, or
more successful. This need to gain attention or admiration is a kind of selfishness. It focuses
on how they appear to others, rather than what is truly important, like family welfare or
financial security.
In Harmonyville, Aman often boasted about his expensive things. But this was not just about
spending money; it was about feeding his own ego without thinking about the
consequences or the feelings of those around him.
Story — When Aman’s Selfishness Showed Its Worst Side
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One day, Aman’s car broke down, and he needed money for repairs. But because he had
spent everything on unnecessary things, he didn’t have any savings. He borrowed money
from friends and family but then delayed paying them back.
This created tension. Friends started avoiding him. His family was upset that he hadn’t saved
anything for emergencies.
Aman realized, too late, that his careless spending — his selfishness — had not only hurt his
future but also damaged his relationships.
What Could Aman Have Done Differently?
• Planned His Spending: By budgeting wisely and prioritizing needs over wants, Aman
could have avoided financial problems.
• Saved for Emergencies: A little saving goes a long way in protecting oneself and
loved ones.
• Shared and Supported Others: Money isn’t just for oneself; it’s a tool to care for
family and community.
• Practiced Self-Control: Instead of spending to impress others, focus on what truly
matters.
In Conclusion — Why Is a Spendthrift Selfish?
To summarize, a spendthrift is selfish because:
• They put their own desires above the needs of others.
• They ignore financial responsibilities toward family and society.
• They fail to think about the future, which can harm themselves and others.
• They often spend to satisfy ego and seek attention rather than genuine happiness.
• Their careless spending can hurt relationships and make them a burden on others
later.
Being selfish is not just about thinking only about yourself in the moment; it’s about ignoring
how your actions affect others now and in the future.
Final Thought: Money and Selflessness
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Money is a powerful tool. When used wisely, it can bring happiness not just to oneself but
also to others. But when misused, like in the case of a spendthrift, it reveals selfishness that
harms both the individual and those around them.
Rahul and Aman’s story teaches us that true happiness and respect come not from how
much we spend on ourselves but from how responsibly and thoughtfully we manage our
resources for the greater good.
(B) What does the declaration expect from the individuals by way of duties ?
Ans: Imagine a small village called Harmonyville.
Harmonyville was a peaceful place where everyone lived happily because each person
understood what they should do, not just for themselves, but for the whole village. They
didn’t only think about their rights — like the right to speak freely or the right to education
— but they also knew they had responsibilities towards their neighbors, the community, and
the environment.
This is exactly what a declaration of duties expects from individuals — it’s like a guidebook
telling people not only about their rights but about what they should do as responsible
members of society.
The Declaration and Its Expectation of Duties
A declaration, especially one that talks about human rights (like the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights or similar charters), often highlights the rights of individuals — the freedoms
and privileges they must enjoy. But alongside these rights, there is also an important
emphasis on duties or responsibilities that every person owes to their family, society, and
country.
So, what does this mean in everyday language? It means that with great rights come great
responsibilities.
Rights allow you to live freely and safely. But duties are what keep that freedom alive and
meaningful for everyone, including you.
What are these Duties?
Let's break down the kinds of duties a declaration expects from individuals, in simple terms:
1. Duty to Respect Others' Rights and Freedoms
Just like you have the right to express yourself or practice your religion, others have the
same right. The declaration expects you to respect these rights of other people. This means:
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• Not harming others physically or emotionally.
• Not interfering with their freedom of speech or beliefs.
• Treating everyone fairly and without discrimination.
In Harmonyville, this was like everyone agreeing not to shout loudly late at night or not to
mock someone’s beliefs — they respected each other’s space and opinions.
2. Duty to Contribute to Society
Rights are enjoyed in a community. The declaration expects individuals to actively
participate in their community and contribute positively. This could be by:
• Following laws and rules that keep society safe.
• Helping in community activities.
• Paying taxes honestly, which help build schools, hospitals, and roads.
In our village, if someone spotted a broken bridge or a sick animal, they didn’t ignore it —
they took responsibility to fix or care for it. This made Harmonyville a better place for all.
3. Duty to Protect Public Property and Environment
The declaration also expects people to protect public property (things that belong to
everyone) and the environment.
Imagine if villagers started breaking the village wells or cutting down all the trees — life
would become very difficult. So, everyone in Harmonyville made sure to keep the wells
clean and plant new trees, understanding that the environment is for everyone’s benefit.
4. Duty to Promote Peace and Harmony
Everyone has a duty to work towards peace and harmony within society. This means
avoiding violence, resolving conflicts peacefully, and promoting understanding among
different groups.
Harmonyville had its occasional disputes, but people learned to sit together and talk rather
than fight. They knew that peace was essential for their happiness and progress.
5. Duty to Uphold Justice and Equality
The declaration encourages individuals to support fairness and oppose discrimination or
injustice. This duty involves:
• Treating all people equally regardless of caste, creed, gender, or background.
• Standing against unfair treatment.
Villagers in Harmonyville made sure everyone had a voice, whether rich or poor, young or
old.
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Why are these Duties Important?
Think of society as a big machine. Rights are like the fuel that makes it run. But duties are
the gears and cogs that keep the machine working smoothly. Without duties, rights can be
abused or meaningless.
If everyone only cares about their own rights but ignores their duties, society will face chaos
— fights, injustice, pollution, and neglect.
Harmonyville would turn into Chaosville if people stopped caring about their
responsibilities.
The Story of Raj and the Broken Fence
Let me share one simple story from Harmonyville to show how duties make a difference:
Raj was a young man who loved his village. One day, he saw the village’s boundary fence
was broken after a storm. If left unfixed, animals from outside would come in and damage
the crops.
Instead of ignoring it, Raj took it as his duty to repair the fence. He gathered a few friends,
collected wood, and fixed the fence over the weekend.
By doing his duty, Raj protected the village’s property and helped maintain peace and
safety. Everyone appreciated his effort, and it inspired others to be responsible too.
How Do These Duties Connect to Our Daily Lives?
When a declaration talks about duties, it’s not just formal words — it’s guidance for
everyday life. For example:
• Respecting elders and helping parents is a duty at home.
• Following traffic rules is a duty on the road.
• Keeping public places clean is a duty for a healthy environment.
• Being honest at work or school is a duty towards society.
In a way, these duties build the foundation on which rights stand firmly.
Conclusion — A Balanced Relationship Between Rights and Duties
The declaration expects individuals to understand that enjoying rights means also accepting
responsibilities. It is a balance.
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Imagine a seesaw where rights sit on one side and duties on the other. If one side becomes
too heavy (just rights, no duties), the seesaw tips over — things get unstable.
But when both sides are balanced, everyone can enjoy freedom, security, and happiness.
So, the declaration is like a wise teacher saying:
"Enjoy your rights fully, but remember your duties too, for only then can society be fair,
peaceful, and thriving."
Final Thought
Just like in Harmonyville, the world too needs every person to act responsibly — to respect,
contribute, protect, and promote peace. Only then will our global village be a wonderful
place to live, where rights are protected by the duties of all its people.
VIII. (A) Is there any general truth in what the author says in the essay Symptoms?
Ans: Is there any general truth in what the author says in the essay Symptoms?
Imagine this: A young man, Ravi, visits a doctor because he’s been feeling unwell for weeks.
He describes a list of symptoms — headaches, fatigue, stomach aches, and a general sense
of discomfort. The doctor listens patiently, examines him carefully, and then says, "You have
stress." Ravi is puzzled. “How can all these symptoms be caused by stress?” he wonders. But
after some rest and lifestyle changes, his symptoms start to disappear. This story is simple
but it captures the essence of what the essay Symptoms tries to explain.
The essay Symptoms is about how our bodies and minds send us signals when something is
wrong. These signals—symptoms—are like messages from inside us, telling us that we need
to pay attention. But is there a general truth in what the author says? The answer is a
definite yes. The essay reveals a universal reality about human health, emotions, and the
way we experience problems.
Understanding Symptoms as Signals
First, let’s clarify what symptoms really are. When we feel pain, discomfort, or notice
changes in our body or mind, these are symptoms. They tell us that something is not right.
Like a car’s warning light on the dashboard, symptoms alert us to an issue. The author of
Symptoms explains that symptoms are not just random problems but meaningful messages.
There is a general truth here: symptoms exist for a reason. They are nature’s way of
communicating. For example, a fever indicates your body is fighting an infection. A
headache might tell you you’re dehydrated or stressed. Emotional symptoms like sadness or
anxiety indicate that our mind is dealing with stress or trauma.
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This truth is important because it helps us understand that ignoring symptoms is dangerous.
If Ravi had ignored his symptoms, the underlying problem could have worsened. So, the
author is right in saying symptoms must be taken seriously.
The Mind-Body Connection
One of the most interesting general truths in the essay is about how closely the mind and
body are connected. We often think of physical symptoms as separate from emotional or
mental problems. But the author challenges this idea, showing that mental stress can cause
real physical symptoms.
Take the example of a student, Meena, who is preparing for her exams. She feels anxious
and tense. Soon, she starts having stomach problems and headaches. Her doctor finds no
physical illness but realizes her symptoms are caused by stress. This shows the truth that
emotional problems can show up as physical symptoms.
This mind-body connection is universally true. Everyone experiences it at some point in their
lives. This idea is very important because it changes how we approach health. Instead of
only treating the body, doctors and patients must also address the mind.
Symptoms as a Cry for Help
Another general truth in the essay is that symptoms are like cries for help. When something
is wrong inside us, and we cannot express it in words, symptoms take over. They are a form
of communication from our deeper selves.
Think of symptoms as signals from a hidden alarm system. If your emotional well-being is
suffering but you don’t realize it, symptoms can push you to notice and take action. The
essay explains that symptoms are often the only way to reveal what we cannot express
easily.
This is true for many people who struggle with mental health issues like depression or
anxiety. They may not openly talk about their feelings, but their symptoms—like fatigue,
loss of appetite, or constant pain—tell the story. So, the author’s insight here is very real
and applies widely.
The Importance of Listening to Symptoms
The essay also teaches us a valuable lesson: we must listen carefully to our symptoms.
Sometimes people ignore them out of fear, denial, or simply because they are too busy. But
the author shows that listening to symptoms can help us identify problems early and seek
help.
This truth is not only about physical health but also about life in general. Symptoms can
teach us about our lifestyle, habits, relationships, and mental state. For example, feeling
tired all the time may indicate the need for better rest or less stress. Headaches may
suggest that we need to slow down or eat healthier.
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By paying attention to symptoms, we can learn more about ourselves and improve our well-
being. This is a general truth that applies to everyone.
The Limitations of Symptoms
However, the author also points out an important truth: symptoms can sometimes be
confusing or misleading. Not every symptom clearly shows what the problem is. Sometimes,
symptoms overlap or hide deeper issues.
This means we cannot always rely only on symptoms to diagnose problems. Proper medical
tests, professional help, and self-awareness are also needed. This truth is important because
it reminds us to be careful and thorough in understanding our health.
Symptoms and the Human Experience
Finally, the essay Symptoms touches on a broader truth about human life. Everyone faces
problems and discomforts—whether physical, emotional, or mental. Symptoms are part of
the human experience.
Ravi’s story at the beginning shows how symptoms are a normal part of life. They remind us
to care for ourselves and seek balance. The author’s words resonate because they reflect
something universal: we are all vulnerable, and symptoms are signs that we need help and
healing.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the essay Symptoms contains many general truths that are true for all of us.
Symptoms are meaningful signals, connecting mind and body. They act as cries for help and
need to be listened to carefully. While symptoms sometimes can be unclear, they teach us
important lessons about health and life. This universal truth makes the essay not only
insightful but also valuable for everyone.
Just like Ravi’s experience, every symptom we face is a story waiting to be understood—a
story about our body, our mind, and our life. By recognizing and respecting this truth, we
can live healthier and happier lives.
(B) What is Peculiar about People's Democracies?
Ans: What is Peculiar about People’s Democracies?
Imagine a small town where the people decide everything together—not just voting for
leaders once in a while, but actually controlling what happens in their community every day.
Sounds like a dream, right? This town has a special kind of democracy, where the
government is not just about elections but about the people themselves ruling through their
organizations and leaders who are part of their daily lives.
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This is somewhat similar to what we call People’s Democracies—a political system that is
quite different from the democracies most of us know.
The Basic Idea: Democracy, But Different
Usually, when we hear "democracy," we think of places like India, the USA, or many
European countries where people vote freely in regular elections, and there are many
political parties competing for power. These countries are called liberal democracies or
multi-party democracies.
But People's Democracies are a special kind of democracy mostly found in countries that
followed the ideas of socialism and communism during the 20th century—countries like the
former Soviet Union, China (in its earlier days), East Germany, and others in Eastern Europe.
What makes People's Democracies peculiar or unusual is how they organize politics, power,
and the participation of people. Let's explore the main points that make them different:
1. One-Party Dominance
Unlike liberal democracies where many political parties compete openly and freely, People's
Democracies have one dominant political party—usually the Communist Party or a party
guided by Marxist-Leninist principles.
Imagine a classroom where only one student is allowed to suggest ideas, while others can
only agree or disagree quietly but cannot form their own groups or challenge that student
openly. This is similar to the political scene in People's Democracies where the ruling party
controls most aspects of political life.
The idea behind this is that the ruling party represents the "working class" or the "people,"
so allowing other parties might harm the unity of society.
2. The Role of Mass Organizations
Now, here comes something quite interesting! In People’s Democracies, the government
works closely with mass organizations like trade unions, youth groups, women's
associations, and farmers' collectives.
These groups are not just social clubs; they act as a bridge between the government and the
ordinary people. Think of them like messengers who carry the wishes and needs of people
to the government, and then explain government policies back to the people.
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For example, a factory workers' union will tell the government about workers' problems,
and the government will try to solve those issues. This sounds democratic, but it’s done
under the control of the ruling party, ensuring everything stays in line with its ideology.
3. Democracy Within the Party
Another peculiar feature is that much of the democratic process happens inside the ruling
party itself rather than through open, competitive elections in the whole country.
This means the party members discuss and decide on important matters internally. Ordinary
citizens might not get the chance to choose between different parties or leaders directly.
Instead, they trust the party to make the best decisions for everyone.
It's like a family where the parents decide on everything after discussing among themselves,
and children are expected to follow and trust their judgment.
4. Central Planning and Collective Decision-Making
In People's Democracies, the government often controls the economy through central
planning. Unlike capitalist democracies where businesses decide what to produce and how,
here the government plans what the country needs and organizes resources accordingly.
For instance, if a factory produces shoes, the government will decide how many shoes are
needed and allocate materials and workers to meet that target. This is done to avoid waste
and ensure everyone gets what they need, following socialist principles.
People’s participation in decision-making happens through local councils or people's
committees, but always under the watchful eye of the ruling party.
5. Peculiar Combination of Democracy and Authoritarianism
One of the biggest peculiarities is that People’s Democracies combine democratic elements
with authoritarian control.
On paper, they emphasize "people's rule," "democratic centralism," and "mass
participation." But in reality, the ruling party maintains strict control over the political
system, media, and public life.
So, while people may participate in elections and local meetings, the choices are usually
limited and carefully guided. Freedom of speech and opposition are restricted to maintain
the unity and direction decided by the party.
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A Story to Understand People’s Democracies Better
Let me tell you a simple story that shows how People’s Democracy worked in one such
country.
In a small village under a People's Democracy, there was a local council called the People’s
Committee. This committee was supposed to represent villagers and make decisions like
building roads, schools, or fixing electricity.
The committee was elected, but the candidates were all from the Communist Party or its
allied groups. So, villagers didn't really get to choose different political ideas.
One day, a problem arose—there was no clean water supply. The villagers wanted to raise
the issue, but only through the committee, because criticizing the government openly was
not allowed.
The village leader, who was a member of the party, listened carefully and promised to take
action. The villagers attended meetings organized by the local party and mass organizations
to discuss the problem. Eventually, after several months, a water pump was installed.
So, the villagers participated in the decision-making process, but always inside the structure
controlled by the ruling party.
Why Were People’s Democracies Set Up Like This?
People’s Democracies emerged mainly after World War II, especially in Eastern Europe and
some Asian countries, when the Soviet Union and its allies wanted to create socialist states.
Their goal was to build a society based on equality, justice, and collective ownership, unlike
capitalist democracies where economic power was concentrated.
They believed that a single party led by the working class would prevent exploitation and
guide the country towards socialism. Hence, political pluralism (many parties) was seen as
dangerous, and democracy was controlled by the party to maintain order and unity.
Some More Peculiar Features:
• Mass Mobilization: The party organized huge campaigns to involve people in literacy
drives, industrial production, and social welfare projects. People felt like they were
part of a big collective mission.
• Control over Media: Media was state-controlled and used to educate people about
party policies and achievements. There was no freedom of press like in liberal
democracies.
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• Elections, But Controlled: Elections were held regularly, but often with only one
candidate per post, approved by the party. Voting was compulsory in many cases,
making it seem very democratic.
Conclusion: What Makes People’s Democracies Peculiar?
To sum up, People's Democracies are peculiar because:
• They combine democratic forms like elections and people's councils with
authoritarian control by one dominant party.
• People participate mainly through mass organizations and party-controlled
structures rather than through free political competition.
• The system emphasizes collective decision-making and central planning, which is
different from the free-market choices in liberal democracies.
• It aims to create a society ruled by the "working people," but in practice, it restricts
political freedom and opposition.
This mixture of democracy with strong centralized control makes People’s Democracies
quite unique and different from the typical democracy we usually learn about.
Final Thought:
If you think about it, People’s Democracies were like a giant ship steered by one captain (the
party) with the crew (the people) helping in rowing but not choosing the direction. The
captain claims to act in the crew’s interest, and sometimes the crew has a say in how hard
to row, but the final decisions are mostly made by the captain and their trusted officers.
This story helps us understand why People’s Democracies are special and why they worked
the way they did in history.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”
